How Does a Place Become a UNESCO World Heritage Site?

Here at Going Places, we write quite a bit about UNESCO World Heritage sites. But recently, we were wondering: What exactly is UNESCO? When did this effort to designate culturally important places begin? And how does a place actually become a World Heritage site?

The UNESCO World Heritage project was launched in 1972 following the adoption of the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. The idea grew out of the recognition that certain places were of such global significance that their preservation should be a shared responsibility. The initiative stemmed from earlier efforts to protect significant historical and natural sites, such as the 1960 campaign to save the temples of Abu Simbel in Egypt from flooding due to the construction of the Aswan High Dam. This early success in international collaboration helped lay the groundwork for the broader heritage initiative.

From ancient ruins to breathtaking natural landscapes, these World Heritage sites remind us of the importance of preserving our global heritage for future generations. A place needs to meet stringent criteria to be recognized. Let’s explore the criteria that determine a site’s eligibility for this prestigious status, as well as the process involved in becoming a World Heritage site.

What is UNESCO?

First, let’s talk about the history of UNESCO itself. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was founded on November 16, 1945, in the aftermath of World War II, with the aim of promoting peace and security through international collaboration in education, the sciences, and culture. Its creation was driven by the belief that fostering mutual understanding and respect among nations was essential to prevent future conflicts.

Initially focused on educational initiatives and improving access to knowledge, UNESCO expanded its mission over the years to include the protection of cultural heritage and the promotion of social and natural sciences, as well as communication and information. Today, UNESCO is known for its programs aimed at safeguarding World Heritage Sites, promoting freedom of expression, and advancing sustainable development through education.

Criteria for World Heritage Status

To be considered for World Heritage status, a site must meet at least one of ten selection criteria that fall under two broad categories: cultural and natural. These criteria ensure that only the most significant sites are recognized for their outstanding universal value, contributing significantly to our planet’s heritage.

Cultural criteria pertain to human accomplishments and creative expressions that have shaped civilizations. For instance, a site may represent a masterpiece of human creative genius, exhibit an important interchange of human values across cultures, or bear unique testimony to a cultural tradition or civilization. Notable examples include the iconic ruins of Machu Picchu in Peru, which epitomize Incan architectural ingenuity, and the Great Wall of China, a testament to ancient engineering that signifies the tenacity of the Chinese people.

Natural criteria emphasize the planet’s natural wonders and biodiversity. A site may contain outstanding natural phenomena, illustrate major stages of Earth’s history, or provide significant habitats for biodiversity. For example, the spectacular landscapes of the Grand Canyon in the United States reveal millions of years of geological history, while the biodiversity of the Great Barrier Reef in Australia showcases the planet’s stunning marine ecosystem.

Process for Receiving Heritage Status

The process for a site to receive World Heritage status involves several key steps. Countries interested in nominating a site must first include it on a tentative list, which is a preliminary inventory of sites from that country to be considered for future nomination. This list helps UNESCO and the countries assess the site’s significance and prepares it for eventual nomination. Next, the country prepares a detailed nomination dossier outlining the site’s outstanding value, discussing its significance within the context of the selection criteria, and addressing the site’s management and conservation plans. The dossier must also include maps, photographs, and other relevant documentation.

The completed nomination dossier is submitted to UNESCO for evaluation. UNESCO forwards the dossier to its advisory bodies, which include the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) for cultural sites and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) for natural sites. These organizations conduct thorough evaluations, considering the site’s value and management plans, and may also conduct field visits. The World Heritage Committee meets annually to discuss the nominations. The committee reviews the recommendations from the advisory bodies along with other relevant information before making a decision.

The committee can choose to “inscribe” the site, defer the nomination, or reject the proposal. Once a site is inscribed, the country is responsible for its management and preservation. The country submits regular reports to UNESCO, and the site may be subject to monitoring to ensure its continued protection and to address any potential threats to its integrity.

First World Heritage Sites

The first sites inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978 marked a significant milestone in global heritage conservation efforts. In 1978, 12 sites were inscribed as the first World Heritage Sites. These sites represent a diverse array of cultural and natural treasures from different regions and cultures. They were recognized for their exceptional universal value, showcasing the richness of human history and the diversity of natural ecosystems.

The first 12 World Heritage Sites were:

• Athenian Acropolis (Greece), an iconic symbol of Ancient Greece featuring historical monuments, including the Parthenon
• Alhambra (Spain), a spectacular fortress and palace complex exemplifying Islamic architecture
• Angkor (Cambodia), magnificent ruins of the Khmer Empire showcasing ancient architecture
• Statue of Liberty (United States), symbolizing freedom and democracy
• Great Wall of China (China), a remarkable feat of engineering
• Brandenburg Gate (Germany), a symbol of Germany’s turbulent history
• Machu Picchu (Peru), an extraordinary Inca citadel illustrating advanced agricultural techniques
• Stonehenge (United Kingdom), a prehistoric monument serving ceremonial purposes
• Old City of Dubrovnik (Croatia), known for its preservation of medieval urban planning
• Taj Mahal (India), a masterpiece of Mughal architecture and a symbol of love
• Historic Centre of Florence (Italy), renowned for its Renaissance art and architecture
• Iguazu National Park (Argentina and Brazil), famous for its stunning waterfalls and biodiversity.

These first entries also set the standard for the evaluation process of future nominations and the criteria for assessing the outstanding universal value of sites.

Intangible Cultural Heritage

Intangible Cultural Heritage encompasses the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, and skills that communities recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This form of heritage is vital for maintaining a sense of identity and continuity, as it often serves to transmit cultural values and traditions through generations. UNESCO recognized the need to preserve intangible cultural heritage in 2003, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding cultural practices that are not captured in material form.

One notable example is traditional music and dance, which varies widely across cultures. In India, classical dance forms like Bharatanatyam and Kathak represent intricate storytelling through movement and rhythm. In Scotland, traditional music and dance, such as Highland games and ceilidh, celebrate community and heritage. Another example is folk traditions and celebrations. The Day of the Dead in Mexico is a lively celebration that honors deceased loved ones, combining indigenous rituals with Catholic traditions. The Fiesta de la Patum in Berga, Spain, features a celebration of local culture with fireworks, music, and colorful costumes.

Craftsmanship and artisanal skills are also vital components of intangible cultural heritage. The craft of Japanese origami involves the intricate folding of paper into elaborate shapes, reflecting a deep cultural appreciation for art and detail. Similarly, the tradition of making Moroccan rugs involves knowledge of patterns and techniques passed down through generations.

Lastly, culinary traditions contribute significantly to intangible cultural heritage. The Mediterranean diet, recognized for its health benefits, is characterized by a variety of fresh ingredients, communal meals, and traditional cooking methods. The preparation of traditional dishes, such as Italian pizza-making or Japanese tea ceremonies, involves specific techniques and rituals that reflect cultural significance.

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Evolution and Impact

Since the inception of the World Heritage Convention in 1972, the designation of sites has evolved to include diverse cultural landscapes, architectural marvels, and natural wonders. This recognition not only highlights the universal value of these sites but also promotes international cooperation in their preservation.

Socially, these sites foster a sense of pride and identity among local communities, encouraging the preservation of traditions and history. Culturally, they serve as educational resources that promote awareness and understanding of diverse global heritage. Economically, World Heritage Sites often boost tourism, attracting millions of visitors, which can lead to enhanced local economies.

However, the growing popularity of these sites can also pose challenges, including over-tourism and environmental degradation. Therefore, sustainable management practices are essential to balance heritage conservation with community needs and visitor experiences. Overall, UNESCO World Heritage Sites play a crucial role in safeguarding our world’s cultural and natural legacy while promoting global collaboration in heritage preservation.

FAQs: 

Q: How can visitors support UNESCO World Heritage Sites?
A: Visitors can support these sites by following sustainability practices, respecting local cultures, making informed travel choices, and participating in conservation efforts or programs.

Q: Is there a fee to visit UNESCO World Heritage Sites?
A: Fees vary by site. Some maintain entrance fees to support conservation efforts, while others may be free. It’s best to check individual site websites for specific information.

Q: How can I learn more about a specific UNESCO World Heritage Site?
A: Detailed information can be found on the official UNESCO World Heritage Centre website, as well as on local tourism websites and guides dedicated to the specific site.

Q: Can an endangered site lose its UNESCO status?
A: Yes, UNESCO can place a site on the “List of World Heritage in Danger” or remove its designation if it fails to meet preservation standards or faces severe threats.

Q: Are there volunteer opportunities available at UNESCO World Heritage Sites?
A: Yes, many sites offer volunteer programs for conservation, education, and restoration activities. Interested individuals should check with the site’s management or associated organizations for available opportunities.

What’s your favorite UNESCO World Heritage Site? Tell us about it in the comments below!